Category Archives: Astronomy News

19 Alien Objects in our solar system?

Astronomers think they’ve found 19 alien objects lurking in the solar system

By tracing back the orbits of these icy objects, some researchers think they have interstellar origins. Others, however, remain extremely skeptical

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RELATED TOPICS: INTERSTELLAR OBJECTS
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New research suggests 19 icy objects trapped in the solar system for billions of years likely came from an alien star. ESO

Our solar system seems to be hiding a small group of alien objects that began their lives around another star before moving to our cosmic neighborhood. New research suggests that 19 Centaurs — icy asteroids with occasional cometlike behavior that usually orbit between Jupiter and Neptune — did not originate in our solar system. Instead, the researchers propose the icy rocks were stripped, individually or en masse, from a nearby star when the Sun was just a newborn in a larger stellar nursery.

“Astronomers have known for a long time that there should be asteroids circling the Sun that were not formed in the solar system, but instead were captured early on during the formation of the planets,” Fathi Namouni, an astronomer at the Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in France, tells Astronomy. “The difficulty was that we could not tell which are solar system-born and which are extrasolar-born.”

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Voyager: What’s next for NASA’s interstellar probes?

Voyager: What’s next for NASA’s interstellar probes?

Thousands of years from now, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 will leave our solar system. But their instruments will stop working long before that happens.

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RELATED TOPICS: VOYAGER | ROBOTIC MISSIONS
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Voyager 2, looking back. NASA/ESA/G. Bacon/STScI

In 1977, NASA launched the twin Voyager spacecraft to probe the outer reaches of our solar system. The space agency was still in its infancy then. But with the triumph of the Apollo Moon landings just five years behind them, NASA was ready to dive headfirst into another bold idea.

Thanks to a rare alignment of the solar system’s four outer planets — which happens just once every 175 years — the agency had the chance to redefine astronomy by exploring Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in one fell swoop.

The scheme was a stunning success.

At Jupiter, the probes surprised scientists when they spotted volcanoes on the moon Io and discovered Europa is likely an ocean world. Saturn surrendered its atmospheric composition and new rings. And Voyager 2 returned humanity’s only close-up looks at Uranus and Neptune. To this day, scientists are still making new discoveries by exploring Voyager’s decades-old data.

But these probes haven’t stopped scouting the outer solar system. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are still functioning today, making them the longest-running and most-distant space mission in history. Though they are each taking different paths, both spacecraft are still screaming their way out of the solar system. And they still have a long way to go.

IT’S RAINING PLASMA ON THE SUN

Space Weather News for May 5, 2020
https://spaceweather.com
https://www.spaceweatheralerts.com

IT’S RAINING PLASMA ON THE SUN TODAY: Today, a number of large prominences have sprung up on the sun. At least one of them is leaking plasma, producing a glowing-hot rain that is splashing down on the solar surface. Visit today’s edition of Spaceweather.com for a must-see movie of the ongoing rainstorm.

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Above: This enormous prominence is leaking plasma back onto the surface of the sun. Photo credit: Alessandro of Dolianova, Italy. More images may be found here.

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Astronomers call for help to learn how supermassive black holes form

Tracing out the shape of a galaxy may offer clues to the size of its supermassive black hole. And a new study shows citizen scientists are actually better at it than computer algorithms.

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Grand spiral galaxy (NGC 1232). FORS/8.2-meter VLT Antu/ESO
Virtually every galaxy bigger than our Milky Way has a supermassive black hole at its center. These supermassive black holes can weigh tens of millions of times more than our sun.

How do black holes grow so gigantic? And why are supermassive black holes at the heart of so many galaxies?

A citizen science project called Spiral Graph hopes you’ll help astronomers in their quest to answer these questions.

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Using the ESO’s sensitive GRAVITY instrument, researchers have confirmed that the enormous object at the heart of our galaxy is — as scientists have assumed for many years — a supermassive black hole. ESO/Gravity Consortium/L. Calçada

Understanding Supermassive Black Holes

Scientists think supermassive black holes form as a fundamental part of galactic evolution.

These black holes start small, when a galaxy is still young and still regularly gobbling up groups of neighboring stars. As large stars die and collapse into black holes, those black holes consume stars and even other black holes, growing bigger and bigger as they go from small to intermediate to gigantic, like an enormous cosmic snowball.

Or that might not be how it happens at all. Instead, supermassive black holes might form from a runaway chain reaction of colliding stars, others suggest. There are even more ideas out there, too.

The process remains poorly understood. And it’s tough to study because simply finding the weight of a supermassive black hole is time-intensive and hard to do from millions of light years away.

However, there may be a way to indirectly measure a supermassive black hole’s size and gather more information on how they form. A spiral galaxy’s shape may give away clues to the size of its central black hole, as well as its overall mass of stars and dark matter content. Though some astronomers are still debating the correlation.

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Spiral Graph asks users to trace out the shape of a spiral galaxy’s arms, helping astronomers a potential proxy for studying a number of other properties. That may include things like supermassive black hole size, and the overall mass of its dark matter and stars. Spiral Graph/NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA

How Spiral Graph Works

To investigate further, astronomers launched Spiral Graph. The project aims to measure how spiral arms wind in thousands of distant galaxies.

First, users confirm that each galaxy they’re shown is indeed a spiral. Then, they draw lines to sketch out the spiral galaxy’s shape. These lines measure how tight or open the spiral galaxy’s arms are.

Tight spiral arms suggest a large supermassive black hole. Open spiral arms indicate a more modest black hole.

As citizen scientists find interesting candidates, it creates a list of target galaxies that astronomers can study in more detail with their telescopes.

Citizens Scientists Outperform Computers

The project includes some 6,000 black and white images of galaxies typically taken by the Dark Energy Camera instrument in Chile or the Sloan Digital Sky Survey’s telescope in New Mexico. Once 15 people have classified a particular galaxy, the image is retired and considered complete.

Astronomers did already measure the tightness of these same galaxies’ spiral arms using an algorithm, however, the scientists also wanted to confirm the computer’s findings with the results from citizen scientists. In a study published earlier this month in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society the team found that Spiral Graph users are actually better at tracing galaxy shapes than algorithms are. The software struggles to know where spirals begin and end, something humans don’t have a problem with.

In some other large-scale cosmology research, citizen scientists have also proven to be more accurate than computers. And combining the results from humans and AI can boost confidence in the results.

And the effort doesn’t only look at the pitch of spiral arms, volunteers are also chronicling the structure of galaxies and whether they’re merging with another galaxy. So, even if the correlation between spiral arm shape and supermassive black hole size doesn’t pan out, they’ll still have advanced the understanding of galactic evolution in other ways.

TWO SOLAR CYCLES ARE ACTIVE AT ONCE

TWO SOLAR CYCLES ARE ACTIVE AT ONCE: You don’t see this every day. There are two sunspots on the sun today, and each one comes from a different 11-year solar cycle. Two solar cycles are active at once. What does it mean? Find out on today’s edition of Spaceweather.com.

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Above: These two sunspots have opposite magnetic polarities–a sign that they come from different solar cycles. Credit: NASA/SDO with labeling by Dr. Tony Phillips

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SUNSET SKY SHOW–TONIGHT!


Tonight, Venus, the crescent Moon, and the Pleiades will form a beautiful triangle in the western sunset sky.

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Space Weather News for March 28, 2020
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https://www.spaceweatheralerts.com

SUNSET SKY SHOW–TONIGHT! Tonight, Venus, the crescent Moon and the Pleiades will form a beautiful triangle in the western sunset sky. The event kicks off a slow-motion conjunction between Venus and the Pleiades that will grow even more beautiful in the nights ahead. Visit Spaceweather.com for sky maps and observing tips.

Aurora alerts: Sign up for Spaceweather Alerts and receive a text message when auroras appear in your area.
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Above: Venus, the Moon, and the Pleiades converge on March 27th–the prelude to an even prettier conjunction on March 28th. Photo credit: Ruslan Merzlyakov of Nykøbing Mors, Denmark. [photo gallery]

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COMET ATLAS IS BRIGHTENING FASTER THAN EXPECTED

From Space Weather.com — CPL

COMET ATLAS IS BRIGHTENING FASTER THAN EXPECTED: Get ready for a wild ride. Comet ATLAS (C2019 Y4) is plunging toward the sun and, if it doesn’t fly apart first, it could become one of the brightest comets in years.

“Comet ATLAS continues to brighten much faster than expected,” says Karl Battams of the Naval Research Lab in Washington DC. “Some predictions for its peak brightness now border on the absurd.”


Above: Comet Atlas (upper left) glides by spiral galaxy M81 on March 18th. Credit: Rolando Ligustri [more]

The comet was discovered in December 2019 by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Hawaii. Astronomers quickly realized it might be special. On May 31, 2020, Comet ATLAS will pass deep inside the orbit of Mercury only 0.25 AU from the sun. If it can survive the blast furnace of solar heating, it could put on a good show.

However, no one expected the show to start this soon. More than 2 months before perihelion (closest approach to the sun), Comet ATLAS is already “heating up.” The worldwide Comet Observation Database shows it jumping from magnitude +17 in early February to +8 in mid-March–a 4000-fold increase in brightness. It could become visible to the naked eye in early April.

“Right now the comet is releasing huge amounts of its frozen volatiles (gases),” says Battams. “That’s why it’s brightening so fast.”

Can ATLAS sustain this crazy pace? If it has a big nucleus w ith large stores of frozen gas, then yes; we could get a very bright comet. Otherwise, Comet ATLAS might run out of gas, crumbling and fading as it approaches the sun.
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Current best estimates of the comet’s peak brightness in May range from magnitude +1 to -5. If Comet ATLAS hits the high end of that range, a bit brighter than Venus, it could become visible in broad daylight.

Comet McNaught (C/2006 P1) performed that very trick 13 years ago. On Jan. 13, 2007, it swooped past the sun shining at magnitude -5. The absurdly-bright comet was visible at high noon with its tail jutting across blue sky:


Above: Comet McNaught in broad daylight on Jan. 13, 2007. Photo credit: Peter Rosen. [more]

Battams is not optimistic, though: “My personal intuition is that Comet ATLAS is over-achieving, and I wouldn’t be surprised to see it fade rapidly and possibly even disintegrate before reaching the sun,” he says.

Come to think of it, that would be a good show, too. Fortunately, NASA has spacecraft with cameras that specialize in seeing things close to the sun.

“The Heliospheric Imager on NASA’s STEREO spacecraft will get a great view of ATLAS from mid-May through early June,” says Battams. “The camera is very sensitive, so we might be able to observe ATLAS’s tail interacting with the solar wind and outflows–as well as any potential breakup events.”

Stay tuned!

New projects broaden the search for alien signals from space

New projects broaden the search for alien signals from space
A longer list of Earth-like planets, eavesdropping on radio waves and looking for laser light shows: All raise the chances of detecting E.T.

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RELATED TOPICS: EXOPLANETS | ALIEN LIFE
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Jupiter’s smallest Galilean moon, Europa, could sport the water, chemistry, and energy needed to form life. NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI

Estimating the chance of getting a message from life beyond Earth, say within the next decade, isn’t easy. Even the best experts are reluctant to offer precise odds.

“Anybody who gave you a figure would be talking about religion, not science,” says Jill Tarter, the astronomer who has spent most of her life pursuing the quest to find signals from alien life.

And even if you did get an estimate for that probability, it wouldn’t mean much. (After all, the San Francisco 49ers had a 95 percent chance of winning the Super Bowl with under 8 minutes to go in the game — and still lost.)

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BETELGEUSE IS BRIGHTENING AGAIN

Call off the supernova watch. Betelgeuse is brightening again.

 

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Space Weather News for Feb. 24, 2020
https://spaceweather.com
https://www.spaceweatheralerts.comBETELGEUSE IS BRIGHTENING AGAIN: Call off  the supernova watch. Betelgeuse is brightening again. New data from the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) shows that the unstable red supergiant is bouncing back from its unprecedented decline. The mystery of Betelgeuse’s behavior is not yet solved, however. Get the full story on Spaceweather.com.

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  Above: Betelgeuse photographed by Brian Ottum of Animas, New Mexico. [more]

When Betelgeuse goes supernova, what will it look like from Earth?

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Astronomers simulated what humans will see on Earth when the star Betelgeuse explodes as a supernova sometime in the next 100,000 years.
RELATED TOPICS: BETELGEUSE
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A plume of gas nearly the size of our solar system erupts from Betelgeuse’s surface in this artist’s illustration of real observations gathered by astronomers using the Very Large Telescope in Chile. European Southern Observatory/L. Calçada
If you stargaze on a clear winter night, it’s hard to miss the constellation Orion the Hunter, with his shield in one arm and the other arm stretched high to the heavens. A bright red dot called Betelgeuse marks Orion’s shoulder, and this star’s strange dimming has captivated skygazers for thousands of years. Aboriginal Australians may have even worked it into their oral histories.Today, astronomers know that Betelgeuse varies in brightness because it’s a dying, red supergiant star with a diameter some 700 times larger than our Sun. Someday, the star will explode as a supernova and give humanity a celestial show before disappearing from our night sky forever.

That eventual explosion explains why astronomers got excited when Betelgeuse started dimming dramatically in 2019. The 11th-brightest star dropped in magnitude two-and-a-half-fold. Could Betelgeuse have reached the end of its life? While unlikely, the idea of a supernova appearing in Earth’s skies caught the public’s attention.

And now new simulations are giving astronomers a more precise idea of what humans will see when Betelgeuse does eventually explode sometime in the next 100,000 years.

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Astronomers used a software program called MESA+STELLA to simulate what humans might see when the star Betelgeuse explodes. They also included observations gathered during Supernova 1987A, which exploded in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Jared Goldberg/University of California, Santa Barbara/MESA+STELLA

Supernova seen from Earth

With all the speculation about what a Betelgeuse supernova would look like from Earth, University of California, Santa Barbara, astronomer Andy Howell got tired of the back-of-the-envelope calculations. He put the problem to a pair of UCSB graduate students, Jared Goldberg and Evan Bauer, who created more precise simulations of the star’s dying days.

The astronomers say there’s still uncertainty over how the supernova would play out, but they were able to augment their accuracy using observations taken during Supernova 1987A, the closest known star to explode in centuries.

Life on Earth will be unharmed. But that doesn’t mean it will go unnoticed. Goldberg and Bauer found that when Betelgeuse explodes, it will shine as bright as the half-Moon — nine times fainter than the full Moon — for more than three months.

“All this brightness would be concentrated into one point,” Howell says. “So it would be this incredibly intense beacon in the sky that would cast shadows at night, and that you could see during the daytime. Everyone all over the world would be curious about it, because it would be unavoidable.”

Humans would be able to see the supernova in the daytime sky for roughly a year, he says. And it would be visible at night with the naked eye for several years, as the supernova aftermath dims.

“By the time it fades completely, Orion will be missing its left shoulder,” adds Sarafina Nance, a University of California, Berkeley, graduate student who’s published several studies of Betelgeuse.

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This comparison image shows the star Betelgeuse before and after its unprecedented dimming. The observations, taken with the SPHERE instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope in January 2019 and December 2019, show how much the star has faded and how its apparent shape has changed. ESO/M. Montargès et al.

The Betelgeuse show

There’s no need to worry about the stellar explosion. A supernova has to happen extremely close to Earth for the radiation to harm life — perhaps as little as several dozen light-years, according to some estimates. Betelgeuse is far outside that range, with recent studies suggesting it sits roughly 724 light-years away, well outside the danger zone.

But the supernova could still impact Earth in some surprising ways. For example, Howell points out that many animals use the Moon for navigation and are confused by artificial lights. Adding a second object as bright as the Moon could be disruptive. It’s not only wildlife that would be disturbed, either; ironically, astronomers themselves would have a hard time.

READ LOTS MORE from the Astronomy Magazine website